Introduction. Central Asia and the Caucasus are rich in wealth and oil. Wealth and oil are primary part of community and life. It has a direct effect on human activity and has an important role in economic development. Also, wealth and oil are deeply established in each part of mankind’s development (Halder et al., 2012; Nakata, Silva, & Rodionov, 2011). Hence, Central Asia and the Caucasus were the arenas wherever England and Russia played the "Great Game" of political competition within the nineteenth century. This competition was over commerce from Asia to Europe during what was then known as the "Silk-road" with the breakdown of the soviet in 1991; eight new republics were established, including, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Also, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the Caucasus (Bahgat, 2005).

Central Asia and the Caucasus are the best options for superpowers such as; the United States and Russia (Ahmad & Rubab, 2015). This research aims to understand the United States-Russian conflict over wealth and oil in central Asia and the Caucasus. Also, this research investigates United States-Russian conflict over wealth and oil in central Asia and the Caucasus.

Materials and methods. In the course of writing this article, general scientific methods were used such as comparative analysis, analysis of statistical data and information, as well as verification (confirmation) or indication of certain conditions for confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis, called the principle of falsification.

Thus, the political processes taking place in the countries Central Asia, are the object of research of domestic and foreign authors. As a rule, studying the processes in the region, researchers choose one of the methodological approaches - from neorealism to game theory.

At the same time, they are relevant, especially for the student audience, work, characterizing the formation of foreign policy of states Central Asia, key regional challenges and threats, as well as the policy of world powers in relation to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan from the standpoint of various methodological approaches to assess their interpretative capabilities.

Discussions.Many domestic and foreign researchers have studied the political processes in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Some of them analyzed the political processes in the region as a whole. An example of such an approach is the researcher's monographs of Raphael Sam and Doug Stokes "Energy Security: Contemporary Security Studies".

The historical aspects of the development of the region and the characteristics of the dynamics of political regimes in the countries of Central Asia are considered in the collective monograph “Realising the oil supply potential of the CIS: The impact of institutions and policies".

The works of A.Chachine about "Sustainable energy for all in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia analysis of national case studies ", when examining the dynamics of foreign policy processes in the region, the author used a neo-institutional approach. Promotion of the "soft power" of Russia and the United States in Central Asia as a tool for the development of Eurasian economic integration.

From foreign studies, the monograph by Martha Brill Alcott "Second Chance for Central Asia", which characterizes the change in political processes in the studied region after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, is of considerable interest.

Strategies in the field of delimiting the Caspian Sea, including the position of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, are considered in the monograph by T. Nakata, D. Silva and M. Rodionov. 

The same author examines the change in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan after the change of the country's leadership.

The political processes taking place in the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus are the object of research by domestic and foreign authors. Depending on the interpretation of the content of the geopolitical goals pursued by American policy in Central Asia, Russian researchers take different positions on whether US policy is a source of stability or increased conflict in the region.

Results. Since the breakdown of the Soviet Union, Central Asia has emerged as a primary player in the worldwide market. Central Asia is the oldest hydrocarbon producing in the globe. Central Asia has attracted attention from both oil and natural gas-consuming inside and outside the organization (Bahgat, 2009).

Central Asia countries have a large and varied energy source based on though it is unequally spread through the territory. Along with the wide explored recoverable reserves of hydrocarbon fuel, Central Asia is significant in hydro energy potential, large uranium deposits, and good chances for developing renewable energy sources. Central Asia is one of the major exports energy for the worldwide market. Central Asia contains about 5.5% of the world's hydro potential. Also, about 20% of the worlds examined uranium saves in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Natural gas is the most sources consumed in the Central Asia countries comprises, about 75% of which is consumed in Uzbekistan and the coal is the second place consumed by the Central Asia countries, and about 93% of its stores are consumed in Kazakhstan. Most countries provide oil in Central Asia is Kazakhstan and Uzbekistani. Kazakhstan produces about 1.2 billion metric tons of oil and Uzbekistan produces up to 730 million barrels of oil. Kyrgyzstan has a good potential using renewable energy including, solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, and biomass (Zakhidov, 2008).

In this context, Kazakhstan is a very large producer of all fossil fuels. In 2016, Kazakhstan was the 10th largest coal producer within the globe. It also ranked between the highest producers of crude oil (16th) and natural gas (23rd). In total, Kazakhstan’s energy production covers quite doubly its energy demand. This allows Kazakhstan to be the main energy exporter. In 2016, the country was the 7th largest coal exporter within the globe, 12th largest crude oil exporter and 20th largest natural gas exporter (Chachine, 2019).

Total primary energy supply grew from 41 Mtoe at the start of 2000 to 78 Mtoe in 2015, growing at a mean annual rate of 4.3%. Coal represents the largest share in Kazakhstan’s energy mix in 2015 (44%), followed by natural gas (35%), oil (20%) and hydro (1%) (Figure 1). Coal accounts for more than 70% of the electricity production (72% of 106 TWh in 2015), followed by natural gas (19%). Renewable energy accounted for 9% of electricity generation (9.3 TWh from hydro and 0.2 TWh from both solar and wind energy). Total final energy consumption in 2015 accounted for 38.4 Mtoe. The industry that uses coal as the primary energy source was a lead sector, followed by residential. Oil is primarily utilized for transportation purposes (Chachine, 2019).

Figure 1: Energy sources in Kazakhstan in 2015, (Chachine, 2019)

Furthermore, in 2015, total primary energy supply in Kyrgyzstan was 4.0 Mtoe. Oil is the initial fuel into the energy mix (41%) followed by coal (29%), hydro (24%) and natural gas (6%) (Figure 2). Total final energy consumption reached 3.3 Mtoe. Kyrgyzstan initial energy source is hydropower (11 TWh, corresponding to 1.0 Mtoe in 2015). It is also a producer of fossil fuels. In this regard, coal production is that the largest (0.7 Mtoe), while crude oil and natural gas production are relatively small. In total, domestic energy production covers 45% of the country’s requirements. Kyrgyzstan depends on imports to cover fossil fuel demand. It imports large amounts of oil products (1.5Mtoe of net imports in 2015), mostly diesel and gasoline. Kyrgyzstan also requires importing electricity, especially in winter seasons, depending on variations of hydropower production (Chachine, 2019).

Figure 2: Energy sources in Kyrgyzstan in 2015, (Chachine, 2019).

Energy sources in the Caucasus.The South Caucasus is worthy due to its location at the crossroad among Europe and Asia, and, more significantly, it possesses a significant supply of energy (De Haas, Tibold, & Cillessen, 2006). Thus, the world integration of the South Caucasus area into the worldwide market is important for economic growth in these countries (Wittich & Maas, 2009).

The South Caucasus has rich in energy sources. In this context, Azerbaijan is energy self-sufficiently country. It contains all energy needs from domestic production, spatially with regards to crude oil, oil products, natural gas and hydro energy. It is an exporter of oil, gas and electricity. In 2017, Azerbaijan produced 38.8 Mtoe of crude oil (26th world ranking) and 17 Mtoe of natural gas (18.2 billion cubic meters). Around 80% of these quantities go for export, due to the large hydrocarbon production. Azerbaijan has one of the highest energy independent countries in the globe: the country energy production is more than four times its energy demand (Chachine, 2019).

Natural gas is the primary fuel in the energy mix of Azerbaijan. In 2015, it accounted about 67% of the total primary energy supply (TPES), the remaining were oil (31%), hydro (1%) and biofuels and waste (1%) (Figure 3). Azerbaijan produced 25 TWh of electricity in 2015, about 86% from natural gas. Renewables accounted for 7% of the electricity mix. Households are the highest final energy consumers in Azerbaijan around 41.3% in 2017; they are also the largest consumers of natural gas and electricity. The second-largest final energy-consuming sector is transported around 31.2% in 2017; it is the major driver of oil consumption. Industry and construction consumed 13.4% and the remaining 14.1% goes to commercial and public sectors. Azerenerji is the largest electrical power producer, about 90 % of generating a capacity of Azerbaijan. In June 2018, installed power capacity of Azerbaijan is 6,257 MW, including 14 thermal power plants (5,113 MW), 17 hydropower plants (1,122 MW) and Nakhchivan Solar Power Plant (22 MW). It is now commission about 400 MW of additional generating capacity by this year. (Chachine).

Figure 3: Energy sources in Azerbaijan in 2015, (Chachine, 2019)

On the other hand, Georgia has very limited domestic energy production of 1.3 Mtoe in 2015, which comes primarily from hydro (0.7 Mtoe), biofuels and waste (0.4 Mtoe) and some 0.2 Mtoe from oil, gas and coal. Hence, Georgia relies on imports to cover most of its natural gas and oil consumption. Natural gas is the primary energy source of Georgia, its share in the 2015 Total Primary Energy Supply was 43%, followed by oil (26%), hydro (16%), biofuels and waste (9%) and 6% of coal (Figure 4). Furthermore, from 2000 to 2015, total final energy consumption in Georgia has been multiplied by 1.5 and it was mostly due to increased consumption of fossil fuels. In turn, this leads to increased import volumes from neighboring countries; the largest increase was seen in natural gas imports. The transport sector was the largest final consumer of energy (primary oil products and gas) around 35% in 2015, followed by residential (29%) and industry (14%). Households are the first consumers of natural gas and biomass. It is worth noting that extensive use of biomass, mostly the firewood, is increasingly causing forest degradation (Chachine, 2019).

Figure 4: Energy sources in Georgia in 2015, (Chachine, 2019)

Finally, Armenia lacks indigenous sources and imports constitute about 75 percent of the country’s total energy supply. Natural gas, which accounts for two-thirds of energy supplies, comes mainly from Russia through Georgia, and smaller volumes of Iranian gas are swapped for electricity. Armenia is also completely dependent on Russia for nuclear fuel, which is used to generate over one-third of the country’s electricity at Armenia's single nuclear power plant (NPP) in Metsamor. Renewable resources account for 7 percent of total energy supply. Armenia produces and even exports electricity, but its key generation capacities are expected to phase out in the coming years, as their operating lifetime expires and major investments are needed to replace them (Alieva & Shapovalova, 2015).

Table 1: Volume of import and exported electricity, (Aslanidze, 2016)

The situation conjointly varies from country to country once it involves exports. For instance, in 2012 Georgia was a net electricity exporter (see Table 1). The country’s primary drawback is its old infrastructure, as there is not enough investment within the distribution and transmission systems. Additionally, distribution losses are quite high; therefore Georgia’s exports do not exceed 10% of total generation that in 2012 was solely about 528GWh. It is to be kept in mind that the country exports solely in summer months, whereas it imports power throughout winter. The Armenian case is totally different because the country’s energy law allows producers to solely export high price generated capacity with production costs exceeding 15 AMD. Once transmission prices are added, the whole export price becomes higher than the price of generated electricity into other Caucasus countries. Therefore, electricity from Armenia is exported completely in seasonal exchanges. The image is totally different for a country rich in a natural source such as; Azerbaijan, that is a net exporter of electricity. The whole export in 2012 failed to exceed 680 GWh, which is a smaller amount than 10% of the whole production. This can be why Azerbaijan decided to add 1,200 to 2,000 MW of gas-fired generation capacity by 2015 and invest in infrastructure renovation with the aim of reducing transmission losses within the electricity grid from the present 15% to more a traditional 5% level (Aslanidze, 2016).

Energy supply and demand in Russia. Russia is the world’s leading natural gas producer, and ties with Saudi Arabia for first place in oil production. Russia accounted for 48 percent of the increase in world oil supply between 1998 and 2004 (Ahrend & Tompson, 2006). Moreover, Russia is one of the most important energy producers and exporters in the globe.  This section discusses the production and consumption of energy sources such as; coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable energy in Russia.

Coal.In 2015, Russia and the United States had the largest World's coal reserves, the first place in the United States with 26.6% and the second place in Russia with 17.6% (Figure 5) (BP, 2016). Siberia and the Far East regions have contained the most coal sources in Russia (IEA, 2014). Around 83.5% of the total coal production by Siberia and followed by the Far East with 10.8%. In Siberia, the largest coal production is located in Kemerovo Oblast, (with 58% of the total), and in the Far East, coal production is in the Sakha Republic and in the North-West in the Komi Republic, both with 4%. Russia contains 22 coal basins and 129 coal deposits (Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, 2016). Russia exported 155.1 Mt of coal in 2015, which around 44% of its domestic production. Furthermore, around 46% of Russia’s coal exports went to Europe and around 45% went to Asia (IEA, 2016). The large volume of coal export from Russia is shipped by sea, which in 2015 meant approximately 142.3 Mt (SUEK AG, 2015).

Oil. In 2015, Russia had the sixth place on the world's reserve ranking, with 6% of the world's reserves. Furthermore,Russia had the third largest oil producer, with 12.4%,after the United States and Saudi Arabia, both with 13% in 2015 (Figure 6) (BP, 2016). Western Siberia, in the Volga region and in the Ural Mountains have contain the most oil sources in Russi. Western Siberia is the primary oil-producing area, contributing more than 60% of Russia’s total production in 2014. Urals-Volga area is the second largest producer area, with 22% of the domestic oil production, followed by East Siberia and Far East, with about 10%(EIA, 2016). Russia exports ranked the first place, around 13.5% of world oil exports (BP, 2016).

Russia has wide domestic distribution and export pipeline network that is almost entirely managed by the state-owned. The biggest pipeline is Druzhba, with a capacity to transport 2 million b/d; it expands over 2.500 miles and supply oil from the West Siberia and Urals-Volga region to Europe (EIA, 2016). Furthermore, Russia had the sixth largest oil consumer with 3.3% of the world consumption in 2015. It imported 2.9 million tonnes of crude oil from the Commonwealth of Independent States and 2.0 million tonnes of oil products, 1.4mt of which came from the Middle East, 0.3mt from China and 0.2mt from Europe (BP, 2016).

Natural Gas. In 2015, Russia had the second place in the largest natural gas reserves, with 17.3%, only after Iran with 18.1% (BP, 2016). The bulk of the country's natural gas reserves under development and production are in northern West Siberia, Yamalo-Nenets camp is the primary one, with almost 90% of the domestic production. In the East Siberia and the Far East region, the Sakhalin camp is the largest, and in the Ural-Volga region, the Orenburg camp is the most important, although having a lower percentage than the West Siberia camps (EIA, 2016). Furthermore, Russia had the second place in the largest natural gas producer in the world, with 16.1%, only after the United States, with 22% (Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, 2016).

In 2015, Russia exported around 89% of its natural gas to Europe. Its primary consumer was Germany, with 22%, followed by Turkey with 13% and Italy with 12%. In terms of consumption, Russia is the second place, with 11.2% of natural gas world’s consumption, preceded by the United States with 22.8%. Furthermore, in 2015, Russia imported 16.9bcm of natural gas, 10.9bcm were from Kazakhstan, 3.3bcm from Uzbekistan and 2.8bcm from Turkmenistan (BP, 2016).

Nuclear Energy. In 2015, Russia had the third place in largest generator of nuclear power, with 7.6% of the world total production, after the United States, with 32.3% and France, with 17%. It has the fifth-biggest installed nuclear capacity, with 25 gigawatts (GW) (IEA, 2017a), distributed over 36 operating nuclear reactors at 10 positions, nine of them are located west of the Ural Mountains and another is the Bilibino plant in the far northeast (EIA, 2016). The Russian Federation’s primary uranium stores can be found in four districts: The Trans-Ural region in the Kurgan area; the Streltsovskiy in the Transbaikal area, close to the Chinese and Mongolian borders; the Vitimsky region in Buryatia; and the recently discovered remote Elkon region in the Sakha Republic (World Nuclear, 2017).

In 2016, Russia consumed 44.5 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of nuclear energy, the higher value of the last decade (BP, 2016) and it used 18.3% of the nuclear energy in total domestic electricity generation (IEA, 2017a). Rosatom is the leader Russia’s state-owned nuclear company and is doing business at least 44 states (Rosatom, 2017). It controls all aspects of the nuclear sector in Russia, including uranium mining, fuel production, nuclear plant engineering and construction, generation of nuclear power, and nuclear plant decommissioning (EIA, 2016).

Renewable Energy. Renewable energy does not have an outstanding position in Russia. In 2016, Russia consumed solely 0.2Mtoe of renewable energy (BP, 2016). In 2015 Russia was in seventh place within the ranking regarding electricity generation by renewables, with 169 terawatt-hours (TWh). Bioenergy and hydropower are the most sources of renewables in Russia’s energy system. Within the same year, Russia was the fifth producer of hydroelectricity, with 4.3% of the global total (IEA, 2017a). The remaining renewable energy generation capacity is spread among solar, wind and geothermal sources. One of the biggest solar power plants within the country is in Kaspiysk, Dagestan. The geothermal capacity is primarily located in the eastern part of Russia. A large share of the whole Bioenergy based generation capacity is located into the north-western part of the country. Solar, wind and small hydropower are mainly into the southern parts of Russia (Irena, 2017).

Electricity. Russia is one amongst the highest producers and consumers of electric power in the globe, with over 230 gigawatts of put in generation capability. Fossil fuels are utilized to generate around two-thirds of Russia's electricity, followed by hydropower (18%) and nuclear (16%). Almost of the fossil fuel-fired generation comes from natural gas (EIA, 2016). In terms of generation, total electricity production from renewables reached 184TWh each year in 2015. Hydropower and Bioenergy accounted for almost all of this generation (182.8TWh/year). The wind had a low share of the total (55GWh/year) (Irena, 2017). In 2015, total electricity consumption in Russia reduced by 0.4% in 2015 (Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, 2017).

Energy supply and demand in the united states. The United States has the most important energy producers and exporters in the globe. The United States had the first place in the largest World's coal reserves with 26.6% of the total worlds' reserve in 2015 (Figure 5). Also, the United States had the first largest oil producer with 13% in 2015 (Figure 6) (BP, 2016).

Figure 5: World Coal proved reserves in 2015,  (BP, 2016)

Figure 6: World oil production, in 2015,  (BP, 2016)

The United States is the second-largest consumer of total energy. What is more, the United States is almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels for its energy supply, and renewable sources account for solely a small portion of its total energy supply. It is self-sustaining in coal and heavily dependent on imported oil. At the same time, its demand for energy is predicted to still increase due to population and economic growth. Furthermore, all sectors have seen a rise in energy demand. However, the residential and transport sectors are the most sectors that increased energy demand. (IEA, 2007a). This section discusses the production and consumption of energy sources such as; coal, oil and natural gas in the United States.

Oil.Around 36 percent of the most energy consumption in the United States comes from oil. Furthermore, the United States is significantly depending on imported oil, due to increased demand in the residential and transport sectors. The United States is the largest oil importer in the globe, followed by China (Gallagher 2013).

Natural Gas.Natural gas represents around 25 percent of energy consumption in the United States. Furthermore, Energy shale gas sources in the United States increased by almost 50 percent annually between 2007 and 2012; therefore, the total gas production in the United States will increase from 5 percent to 39 percent (Blackwill and O’Sullivan 2014).

Coal. Around 20 percent of the United States energy consumption is met by coal (Gallagher 2013).

Alternative Sources. Around 8 percent of the United States energy consumption is powered by nuclear energy and 9 percent by renewable energy, including solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydro sources. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 describes the utilize of clean energy in the country, particularly a strong movement toward nuclear energy (U.S. EIA). The United States also has important renewable energy sources in a way that has the potential to lead the globe in renewable energy despite its natural endowment of fossil fuels. For example, its wind sources may exceed the overall of the projected electricity demand for the entire country, and the conditions for solar energy also look promising. Of note is that countries with less favorable conditions for renewable energy, including China and Germany, have approved larger renewable energy policies (Gallagher 2013).

Competition over energy sources in central asia and the caucuses by superpowers. In the beginning of twenty-first century, competition between the superpowers over energy sources has become remarkably intense, rapidly growth in energy costs and geopolitical considerations including energy security. Central Asia and the Caucuses have been of particular interest to the superpowers due to it is vast energy sources and strategic location (Marketos, 2008).

Russia has needed to dominate the Caucasus and Central Asian countries since the breakdown of the Soviet Union. There are some critical parameters for this policy. First, Caucasus has vast sources of energy and it is considered a bridge between Russia and Europe. Georgia connects the Caucasus to Europe and plays a significant role in energy transmission to Europe. The challenges in Caucasus regional security after the Russia-Georgia conflict in August 2008 and explained some risks related to the in operation transit energy corridor in the southern Caucasus is studied (Kakachia, 2011). The conflict was considered a part of Russia’s willingness to rebuild its former control sphere. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is interested in extending its borders to western neighboring countries of Russia involving Georgia and Ukraine. By this argument, energy sources and extended NATO borders can be seen because of the primary reason for the Russia-Georgia conflict. ‘Subduing Georgia would cut the west’s essential energy connection (the Baku-Tbilisi-Çeyhan pipeline) to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia’(Brzezinski, 2009). Afterwards, Russia is going to be able to dominate energy flows from Azerbaijan.

The proven oil reserves in numerous section of the Caspian Sea are completely different and are estimated at 298.4 billion barrels (Including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Iran); appreciate nearly 17.5% of the entire international proven reserves. However, if we have a tendency to take into account the Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan section it is 38.2 billion bbl. of reserves. These figures make one doubt that the Caucasus and Central Asia are primary energy sources as compared to the Persian Gulf. The case is completely different when we take into account Iran in our analysis as a result of its large energy sources and the geopolitical situation. The entire reserves in Iran are estimated at 157.8 billion bbl., which is more than Russia at 102.4 billion bbl. and 4 times higher than the Caucasus and Central Asian countries together. Therefore, the size of reserves within the Caucasus and Central Asian countries together with Russia is not comparable with Iran. The high price of oil exploration into the Caucasus might not be economically useful as much as it is in Iran though. However, the importance of the region as a result of  geopolitics, energy transmission and provide diversification cannot be insignificant (Abolhosseini, Heshmati, & Rashidghalam, 2017).

The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa oil pipelines alongside the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline have promoted the significance of Caucasus as an energy passageway between Asia and Europe. Russia's invasion of Georgia and unilateral recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia created a major change in the Caucasus from a geopolitical point of view. Russia wanted to dominate Georgia to chop off Azerbaijan and Central Asian countries and consequently, it was able to improve its energy monopoly in Europe significantly (Kakachia, 2011). The Caucasus is like a magnetic field that Russia, Turkey and Iran are competing over with each other alongside the United States and European Union. Russia was able to stop NATO’s extension into the Caucasus by recognizing Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Matsuzato, 2010).

Based on Henry Kissinger’s thinking, capability and can are crucial variables in foreign affairs; although Russia was willing to dominate Caucasus countries it failed to have the capability (Matsuzato, 2010). The Caucasus and Central Asia countries are strong enough to not be dominated by Russia. In this regard, Russia is being challenged by China and the western powers in this region. The geopolitical situation in the Caucasus is significant for Turkey because it is the connection point between Europe and Asia. Therefore, Turkey goes to develop its influence in this region. At the same time, Turkey competes with Russia and Iran for energy transmission to catch a share of Europe’s energy market. Although Turkey does not have any energy sources its role as an energy passageway to the west combined with a comprehensive investment program in refinery capacity is significant. The European Union relies on Russia, as it was the primary source for 40% of its imported natural gas last year. Therefore, European countries are looking for provide diversification through alternative routes such as Caucasus and Iran to enhance their energy security (Abolhosseini et al., 2017).

The importance of energy for russia, the united states and the international system. Energy is power. From a political, economic and environmental viewpoint, energy security is one of the most significant issues faced by all countries in the globe. As such, energy features an elementary role in states’ structure, consolidation and survival. Besides this, energy is a significant aspect to be capable to understand competition in the international system. Considering the competition among states, energy is an important factor in the distribution of global power. Thereby, those countries with the foremost management of energy sources have the most important power advantage in the international system (Kerr, 2012).

States’ ability to manage energy directly impacts their capacity to transform energy sources into wealth and power. The term ‘energy security’ means that energy sources are decent to satisfy the energy demands of a political community, that contain social, economic, and military activity, which this demands are going to be met in a reliable, stable manner in the future (Raphael and Stokes 2010). There are numerous degrees of energy security with differing consequences for countries. Generally, when demand is not met, citizens’ daily requirements, including healthcare, education and transportation, among alternative quality-of life issues, might be affected (Kerr, 2012). On a far larger scale, countries might be affected militarily and economically.

Today, energy security becomes the primary concern in the globe because of rapidly increase demand on natural fuels. In fact, Central Asia and the Caucasus are the most regions where influence of geopolitics and superpowers competition due to have rich energy sources and the strategic location (Marketos, 2008). Moreover, energy security has become an important issue locally and globally. Superpowers include Russia, China, and the United States, which require much more energy sources to meet their needs. According to this view, The Gulf region has provides oil and gas reservoirs as its world's largest energy reservoirs of the globe. Whereas, Central Asia and the Caucasus are one of the best options for superpowers Russia, China, and the United States (Ahmad & Rubab, 2015).

Conclusion. This research concerns about competition over energy sources such as; oil and wealth in Central Asia and the Caucuses by Russia and the United States. Central Asia and the Caucasus are rich in wealth and oil. Wealth and oil are a primary part of community and life. It has a direct effect on human activity and has an important role in economic development. In this context, Central Asia is one of the major exports energy for the worldwide market. Central Asia contains about 5.5% of the world's hydro potential. Also, about 20% of the worlds examined uranium saves in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Also, most countries provide oil in Central Asia is Kazakhstan and Uzbekistani. Kazakhstan produces about 1.2 billion metric tons of oil and Uzbekistan produces up to 730 million barrels of oil. Furthermore, Kazakhstan is a very large producer of all fossil fuels.

On the other hand, the South Caucasus has rich in energy sources. In this context, Azerbaijan is energy self-sufficiently country. It contains all energy needs from domestic production, spatially with regards to crude oil, oil products, natural gas and hydro energy. It is an exporter of oil, gas and electricity. In 2017, Azerbaijan produced 38.8 Mtoe of crude oil and 17 Mtoe of natural gas (18.2 billion cubic meters). Around 80% of these quantities go for export, due to the large hydrocarbon production. Azerbaijan has one of the highest energy independent countries in the globe: the country energy production is more than four times its energy demand.

Russia and the United States are the most important energy producers and exporters in the globe.Russia is the world’s leading natural gas producer, and ties with Saudi Arabia for first place in oil production. Russia accounted for 48 percent of the increase in world oil supply between 1998 and 2004. On the other hand, the United States had the first place in the largest World's coal reserves with 26.6% of the total worlds' reserve in 2015. Also, the United States had the first largest oil producer with 13% in 2015. Furthermore, the United States is the second-largest consumer of total energy. What is more, the United States is almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels for its energy supply, and renewable sources account for solely a small portion of its total energy supply. It is self-sustaining in coal and heavily dependent on imported oil.

Although, the United States and Russia have much more of energy sources, these countries demand for energy is predicted to still increase due to population and economic growth. According to this view, competition between the United States and Russia over energy sources has become remarkably intense, rapidly growth in energy costs and geopolitical considerations including energy security. Today, energy security becomes the primary concern in the globe because of rapidly increase demand on natural fuels. In fact, Central Asia and the Caucasus are the most regions where influence of geopolitics and United States-Russian competition due to have rich energy sources and the strategic location. Therefore, Central Asia and the Caucuses have been of particular interest to the United States and Russia due to it is vast energy sources and strategic location. Furthermore, Central Asia and the Caucasus are one of the best options for superpowers Russia, China, and the United States.

REFERENCES

Abolhosseini, S., Heshmati, A., & Rashidghalam, M. Energy security and competition over energy resources in Iran and Caucasus region. AIMS Energy, 2017. – 5(2). – P.224-238.

Ahmad, M., & Rubab, M. Great Game of Great Powers in Central Asia: A Comparative Analysis. Defence Journal, 2015. –18(11). –31 p.

Ahrend, R., & Tompson, W. Realising the oil supply potential of the CIS: The impact of institutions and policies. –2006.

Alieva, L., & Shapovalova, N. Energy security in the South Caucasus: views from the region. Retrieved from. –2015.

Aslanidze, A. The role of the energy charter in promting electricity cooperation in the south caucasus. Retrieved from. – 2016.

Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation. Russian Energy 2015. [pdf] Available at:http://ac.gov.ru/files/publication/a/10205.pdf. – 2016.

Bahgat, G. Oil and terrorism: Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies.– 2005. – 30(3). – 265 p.

Bahgat, G. The geopolitics of energy in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies. – 2009. – 34(2).– 139 p.

Blackwill, Robert D. and Meghan L. O’Sullivan. America’s Energy Edge: The Geopolitical Consequences of the Shale Revolution. Foreign Affairs, March/April. At: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140750/robert-d-blackwill-and-meghan-l-osullivan/ americas-energy-edg. – 2014.

BP, Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 [pdf]. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energyeconomics/statisticalrevie2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf. – 2016.

Brzezinski, Z. Russia must re-focus with post-imperial Eyes. The Financial Times. – 2009. – July1.

Chachine, A. Sustainable energy for all in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia analysis of national case studies. –2019.

De Haas, M., Tibold, A., & Cillessen, V. Geo-strategy in the South Caucasus. Power play and energy security of states and organisations. Clingendael Institute, Hague. – 2006.

EIA.CountryAnalysisBrief:Russia.[pdf]Availableat:https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Russia/russia.pdf. – 2016.

Gallagher, K.S. Why & how governments support renewable energy. Daedalus. Mitpressjournals. – 2013. – 142(1). – 59-77.‏

Halder, P., Prokop, P., Chang, C.-Y., Usak, M., Pietarinen, J., Havu-Nuutinen, S., Cakir, M. International survey on bioenergy knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes among young citizens. Bioenergy research.– 2012. – 5(1).– 247-261.

IEA. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The United States 2007 Review. Available at: www.iea.org. – 2007a.

IEA. KeyCoalTrends.[pdf]Availableat: https://www.iea.org/ publications/freepublications/publication/KeyCoalTrends.pdf. – 2016.

IEA. Key world energy statistics. [pdf] Available at: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld 2017.pdf. – 2017a

IEA.  Available  at: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Russia_2014.pdf.

Irena. Remap 2030: Renewable Energy Prospects for the Russian Federation. [pdf] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ IRENA_REmap_Russia_paper_2 017.pdf.

Kakachia, K.K. Challenges to the South Caucasus regional security aftermath of Russian–Georgian conflict: Hegemonic stability or new partnership? Journal of Eurasian Studies.– 2011. – 2(1).– 15-20.

Kerr, Lucas de Oliveira. Energia Como Recurso de Poder Na Potica Internacional: Geopolitica, Estrategia e o Papel do Centro de Decisao Energetica. PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Available at: http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/76222. – 2012.

Marketos, T.N. China's Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia: Routledge. – 2008.

Matsuzato, K. Cultural geopolitics and the new border regions of Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies.– 2010. – 1(1). – P. 42-53.

Nakata, T., Silva, D., & Rodionov, M. Application of energy system models for designing a low-carbon society. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.– 2011. – 37(4).– 462-502.

Raphael, Sam and Doug Stokes. Energy Security. In: Alan Collins (ed), Contemporary Security Studies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Rosatom. Global presence. [online] Available at: http://www.rosatom.ru/en/global-presence. – 2017.

SUEK AG. Seaborne Deliveries. [online] Available at: http://www.suekag.com/seaborne-deliveries/?region_id=1. – 2015.

Wittich, A., & Maas, A. Regional cooperation in the South Caucasus. Lessons for Peacebuilding, from Economy and Environment. Brussels: Initiative for Peacebuilding. –2009.

World Nuclear. Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle. [online] Available at: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countrieso-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle.aspx. – 2017.

ҒТАМР 11.25.40

ОРТА АЗИЯ МЕН КАВКАЗДЫҢ ЭНЕРГЕТИКАЛЫҚ РЕСУРСТАРЫ ЖӘНЕ АҚШ ПЕН РЕСЕЙ АРАСЫНДАҒЫ МҮДДЕЛЕР ҚАҚТЫҒЫСЫ

А.М. Дияб әл-Ноймат¹, М.А. Султан Алафрит², Ж. Жеңіс³^*

¹Иордан университеті, Амман (Иордания)

²Аль-Айн университеті,Біріккен араб әмірлігі(БАӘ)

³*Ш.Ш.Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институты, Қазақстан, Алматы

^*Автор-корреспондент

E-mail: alafreet5@hotmail.com (Dyab al-Noimat),mubaraka_2008@yahoo.com (Sultan Alafreet), zhozhengis@gmail.com (Zhengis)

Аңдатпа. Мақалада авторлар энергетиканы саяси күш ретінде қарастырады. Зерттеушілер өз мақаласында саяси, экономикалық және экологиялық тұрғыдан алғанда, энергетика қауіпсіздігі – әлемнің барлық елдерінің алдында тұрған маңызды мәселелердің бірі екендігін анықтайды. Зерттеу жұмысында авторлар соңғы жылдары Америка Құрама Штаттары өз кезегінде энергия бағасының тез өсуіне және энергия қауіпсіздігін қоса алғанда геосаяси мен Ресейдің энергия көздері үшін бәсекелестігі өте қарқынды болып тұрғандығын, бұл мүдделердің қақтығыстарына әкелгендігін дәлелдейді.

Мақалада бұл жағдайда табиғи отынға сұраныстың тез өсуіне байланысты энергия қауіпсіздігі әлемдегі басты мәселеге айналуда екендігі нақты мәліметтермен көрсетіледі. Шын мәнінде, Орталық Азия мен Кавказ - АҚШ пен Ресей арасындағы геосаясат пен бәсекелестікке олардың мол энергия көздері мен стратегиялық орналасуы көбірек әсер ететін аймақтар. Авторлар қортындылай келе, Орталық Азия мен Кавказды АҚШ пен Ресей ерекше қызықтыратыны, сонымен қатар, Орталық Азия мен Кавказ – Ресей, Қытай және АҚШ-тың алпауыт елдері үшін ең жақсы нұсқалардың бірі екендігі туралы тұжырым жасайды.

Түйін сөздер: энергетика, АҚШ, Ресей, Орталық Азия, Кавказ, бәсекелестік.

МРНТИ 11.25.40

КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВ США И РОССИИ ЗА ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ И КАВКАЗА

А. М. Дияб аль-Ноймат¹, М. А. Султан Алафрит², Ж. Женис³^*

¹Иорданский университет, Амман (Иордания)

²Университет аль-Айн, Объединённые арабские эмираты(ОАЭ)

³*Институт истории и этнологии имени Ч.Ч. Валиханова, Казахстан, Алматы

^*Корреспондирующий автор

E-mail: alafreet5@hotmail.com (Dyab al-Noimat),mubaraka_2008@yahoo.com (Sultan Alafreet), zhozhengis@gmail.com (Zhengis)

Аннотация. В данной статьи авторы рассматривают энергетику как политическую силу. В своей статье исследователи отмечают, что с политической, экономической и экологической точки зрения энергетическая безопасность является одной из важнейших проблем, стоящих перед всеми странами мира. В исследовании авторы утверждают, что в последние годы Соединенные Штаты, в свою очередь, испытали резкий рост цен на энергоносители и геополитическую конкуренцию со стороны России за энергоресурсы, включая энергетическую безопасность, что привело к конфликту интересов.

В статье показано, что энергетическая безопасность становится серьезной проблемой в мире из-за быстрого роста спроса на природное топливо. Фактически, Центральная Азия и Кавказ – это регионы, где на геополитику и конкуренцию между Соединенными Штатами и Россией больше всего влияют их богатые энергетические ресурсы и стратегическое положение. Авторы приходят к выводу, что Центральная Азия и Кавказ представляют особый интерес для США и России, а Центральная Азия и Кавказ – один из лучших вариантов для России, Китая и США.

Ключевые слова: энергетика, США, Россия, Центральная Азия, Кавказ, конкуренция.

Information about the authors:

¹Master

²Master

³^*Candidate of Historical Sciences