It is known that Kazakhstan as a country didn’t appear at once. It is closely connected with the history of ancient tribes, clans and also people who lived in its vast territory.

The process of Kazakh state formation beginning with the Sak, Uisin, Kanly, Karakhan, Kypchak era lasted long years, for this the language, religion, customs and traditions of people who lived in that state had to be common. In the middle century in the East DeshtiKypchakthe ethnic territory where unified kypchaks livedbegan to form. However lead by Shyngyz khan the Mongol invasion was the reason of its adjourning.

In the beginning of the XIII-th century they began to recover from Mongol invasion, but in the second half of the XIV-th century because of Master Temir’s military campaign tribes settled in Kazakhstan became alienated. Military campaigns carried out by Temir and his generation uncoordinated ethnic groups who lived in Kazakhstan. There were facts that these groups had frequent confrontations withTemir troops, some of them participated in political events.

We mustn’t seek in Temir’s works the answer to the question when and in what century «Kazakh» tribes lived. On the contrary, Kazakh before being Kazakh nationality was included into three zhuz (tribal union of Kazakhs) and we won’t be mistaken if we consider information concerning the history of long ago appeared tribes. There is much information about these tribes and clans in Temir’s works. As a result of the research work it is known that tribes like Dulat, Zhalayr, Kanly regarding to Seniorzhuz, middle zhuz tribes: Argyn, Kypchak, Kerey, Naiman, Konrat inTemir’s works were named as Duglat, Zhalayr, Kanly, Arkenut, Kypchak, Kereit, Naiman, Konrat.

Now we are going to explain why we consider one of the big tribes — Zhalayrtribe described in Temir’s works to be ancestor of Zhalayr as members of Seniorzhuz.

As was pointed out by researchers there was no much information about Zhalayrs in an ancient Chinese writings, even in IX–X centuries in the Arabic. The first information appeared during Mongol era in the writings of the XIII–XV centuries[1,76].

ShokhanUalikhanov and Academician v. V. Bartold regarded Zhalayrs as Mongol tribes. After that M.Tynyshbayev made reference to Mongol historian SonomSessen and considered «Zhalayrs originated from Eke-mongol (great Mongol) who were numerous and strong[1,76–77].

Kh. Argynbayev,v. Vostrov, S Mukanov said «N. Aristov as one of the researchers on the base of Zhalayr tribe names suggested that they were not originated from Mongols, their ancestors were Turk-Mongols. It was confirmed by S. Amanzholov. Martha Olkott professor from Colgate university, USA said: «Zhalayrs and Ysty left their trace In Central Asia for the first time in the XIII century[2,58–59].

Most of Zhalayrs lived in Zhetysuuezd (administrative unit), wrote S. Amanzholov. — Perhaps most of them settled in Zeravshanvalley[1,79]. O. Ismailov predicted their place to be North Mongolia (VIII–IX) c. banks of rivers Selenga, Orkhon,Tola[3,15].

M.Tynyshbayev said: „Zhalayrs supported lame Temir when he was winning, in 1370Zhalayrs took Dulat’s side, for that they were destroyed and routed. „Persian groups played an important role in Iran, Zhalayrs clan once ruled North Iran later in Baghdad. In 1370 refugees -Shu manaks joined them[4,77].

After that, Zhalayrs moved to theZhoshy tribe and supported Ezhen khan, served in the army of Oryz khan.

In his researches OrasIsmailov said:" In Mauranahr (between two lakes) Master HadjiBarlas and Master Bayazid became Zhalayr. They advised with Master Temir, but not following his advice moved to Korasan, there they were in difficult situation. Temir wrote about Bayazid: Master Bayazid ruledKozhand territory. I often gave him good advice, he didn’t accept,as a result his fellowmen arrested and brought him to me. I met him friendly, but when he understood, he was very sorry for his deeds“. [3,65]

There was some information about Zhalayr hero- AdilshahBahram in Temir’s source.

Master Temir and historians of his generation while telling events repeated each other. It is clear, because their used information was common, some events they witnessed.

Events of 1376 were described as follows: From NigzamaddinShamid information, Temir attacked Horezm three times. SaryBuga, Adilshah, Hitai-bahadur and Messenger Buga with 30 thousand troops were sent to fight with Kamar ad-Din. [6,104].

The event lasts: „When Adil shah discovered nobody in the area, he fought with Hitai -bahadur, SaryBuga and IlchiBuga. After gathering troops together, they besieged Samarkand fortification. When they understood their strength and difficulty to confront with, they escaped and asked Uruskhan for shelter. But later they betrayed Uruskhan and defeated him“ [6,104].

According to Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi, reliable person from TemirAndugan joined him. They gathered all Zhalayr andKypchak and moved to Samarkand and began to besiege town fortification[6,132].

So, as Nizamad-dinShami and Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi wrote not only zhalayrs, but together with kypchaks they rose against the enemy and troops of Adil shah, Sary -Buga helped them. Mirhond facts said, using the time Temir’ attack to Horezm, masters of Zhalayr and Kypchak tribes revolted and went to Samarkand. [7,144]. More interesting fact, that in Nizamad-dinShami and Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi writings, Zhalayrs were called — people. We notice Zhalayr people rose against Temir. Isin explained this: Some more people joined and went to Maerannahr to besiege Temir’s capital — Samarkand. Thus, ZhalayrAdil shah and KypchakSarybuga became „national heroes“ in 1376 [8,37].

To put down a rising, Temir sent his son Zhahanger. Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi confirmed there was a war between riots and Zhahangertroops [5,79]. As Isin informed, „It wasn’t easy for Zhahanger troops to press rebels“, [8,37]. It proves there was fierce fight, nobody wanted to give up easily.

One of the Temir clan historians FasihAkhmad wrote: „SaryBuga and Adil shah Bahramzhalayr who sent to Zhata to help Kamar ad-Din, rebelled and Master Sahibkiran had to come back and fifth time to fight in Zhata“ [7,136].So, this time was very hard for Temir.

Being defeated by Temur army, rebellers ran away. Sarybuga andAdil shah asked Orus khan for shelter. As Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi described they were not in good position there. In Samarkand Master Temir“ distributedZhalayrs to his aristocrats» [5,79–80]. «Most people in Orus khan disliked Sarybuga and Adil hah, especially those who considered they were to keep peace with Temir. Orus khan also suspected them. Perhaps in Saganak palace they were kept as prisoners», wrote Isin[8,37].

All this might enrage Adil shah and Sarybuga, therefore they escaped to ongolia and urged on rebel Kamar ad-Din. In all information there were facts that they escaped from Orus khan, Shami and Iezdi wrote they even killed Orus khan’s people [6,104,132]. There must be reason of doing so, but nothing was said about it in Temir’s works. Thus, Zhalayrs, who later joined Kazakh people left the tracks during Temir authority.

In the history of MasterTemirZhalayr even held sway in Iran. A master who wanted to conquer him said: «It was decided to send someone to know about the quantity and strength of Baghdat’s army. Messenger from Baghdat described „Sultan Akhmet two eyed piece of meat“. I immediately arrived in Baghdad with God’s bless. Sultan AkhmetZhalayr ran away to Kerbala desert. So, I conquered Baghdad, the capital of Darussalam. It was approximately in 1394. In the middle of his book, Lame Temir wrote that Zhalayr clan ruled Irak, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan from 1382» [3,66].

Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi in his «Zafarname» wrote, that Zhalayrs lived on the banks of the Syrdaria (Huzhand) river [5,43]. He wrote «Zhalayr people», it meant, there were many people. As an example, we can mention frequent confrontation between Temir troops and zhalayr- kypchak soldiers. Remember, it was difficult for Zhahanger to win them and it was the reason that Temir turned off the road to Horezm.

OrazIsmailov described the life of Zhalayr rulers in «Babyrnama» during Babyr era. They were: Yruldayzhalayr, AbylkasymZhalayr, SeitkasymIshikzhalayr(younger brother), Khasan Ali Tufeylzhalayr, Hussayn Ali zhalayr. One of them was military leader, the other advisor. They helped much when Babyrruled Central Asia, at that time Zhalayrs were spread from Ferghana to Zhetisu.

O. Ismailovpredicted thatzhalayrs formed a big state — Mongolstan. «Why did saBuga distributed land,i.e. the bank of Shu river to Kerey and Zhanibek khan?». Because of great influence of Zhalayrs in Mongolstan[3,68].

Babyr wrote in his «Babyrnama» that Seitkasym always supported and helped him, and he was one of Zhalayrs.

«… Some of people who supported me in hard situations were famous, some were simple, more than two hundred. Personally: KassymKaushinbek, ShyrymTagay, UaisLagaribek, Ibrahim SaruMynlykbek, Sidi Kara bek. Insiders: Mir Shah Kaushin, SeitkasymIshikzhalayr (younger brother), KasymAdjab, Mukhammed Dust, Ali Dust Tagai, Mukhammed Ali Mubashir, KudayberdiTukshy mogul, ZharykTagai, the son of Baba Kuli — Sultan Kuli, PirUais, SheihUais, Zharali Bilal, KasymMirahur, Haidaririkabdar. I bothered much and cried a lot». [9,78]. We noticed when Babyr experienced the difficulty, zhalayrs greatly supported him.

Babyrtrusted Seitkasym and respected him, gave a responsible post and called (younger brother). Younger brother, wiser — the most respectable post in Temir’spalace [9,437].

«Seitkasym was appointed commander, military leader», -said Babyr in his writings [9,410]. Taking into account these facts, he became the most reliable person and during military campaign he could always be found near Babyr.

There was some information about Khasan Ali Zhalayr in Babyr’s works. In 1510–1511 when Babyr conquered Samarkand, Khasan Ali Zhalayrserved him about five, six years. He also served him well and was respected person [3,292].

In 1592 KadyrgaliKosymulyZhalayr who was from Zhalayr tribe or clan wrote an «Annual collection» telling about the Kazakhs’ history [3,66].

Later the history of zhalayrs who were one of the members of Kazakhzhuz, was described in Temir’s works.

In conclusion, we want to say,there was much information about Zhalayrs who lived in Kazakhstan in Temir’s sources. Research results show that information of Temir and his generation on zhalayrs was about Zhalayr tribe who lived in the middle centuries in Kazakhstan. As was mentioned above, historians of Temir generation wrote only about big, powerful, numerous tribes. In their works leaders of tribes had the name of the tribe. For example, BahramZhalayr, Adil shah Zhalayr, Seitkasym younger brother Zhalayr and etc. These names were often reminded in works of Temir generation historians and also about people who lived under their leadership. We are glad these things were kept for future generation to know about the life of middle century Kazakh tribes. Those brave, powerful tribes doing positive things glorified their people. So, reading and researching Temir works, we know not only about medieval Kazakh tribes, but also about historical statesman.

Literature
1 Argynbayev X., Mukanov S., Vostrov v. About Kazakh chronicle. Compiled by: A. Pirmanov.-Almaty, 2000. -P.464.
2 Yesmaganbetov K. L. Kazakhs in foreign literature. — Almaty, 1994. -P.240.
3Ismailov O. Zhalauyrs in the world history. -Almaty. 1999. -P.528.
4 Tynyshpayev M. The history of kazakh people: (compiler and the preface author professors A.Takenov and B. Baygaliev). Text- book.-Almaty,1998.-P.224.
5 Sharaf ad -Din aliIezdi. Suzboshi, tabdil, izohlarvakursatkichlarmualliflari: B.Eshpulatov. -Tashkent, 1997. -P.383.
6Materials on the history of kirghiz and Kirghizia. Editor A. A. Romodina. -Moscow, 1973. -Part 1. -P.280.
7TulibayevaZh. M. Persian sources on the history of Kazakhs and Kazakhstan in XII–XIX centuries. Doctoral dissertation.-Almaty, 2003. -P.406.
8 Isin A. I. Heroes against Master Temir (Rising of dulat, zhalayr, kypchak, argyn, kereit at the end of the XIV century) // Abay. — 1999. -№ 1. -PP.34–42.
9 BabyrZahirad-dinMuhammed. Babyrnama. Kazakh version by BayuzakKozhabekuly.-Almaty,1 993. -P.448.

ИБРАГИМОВА М.Н.
(Әль-Фараби атындағы Қазақ Ұлттық университетінің оқытушысы)
ТОЙШЫБЕКОВА Ж.Қ.
(ҚазМемҚызПУ оқытушысы, тарих магистрі)

ЖАЛАЙЫРЛАР ТАРИХЫ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ ТЕМІР ЖӘНЕ ОНЫҢ ҰРПАҚТАРЫНА АРНАЛҒАН ШЫҒАРМАЛАРДА

Түйін
Мақалада ортағасырларда Қазақстан территориясында мекен еткен жалайырлар тарихы жайлы мәселе Әмір Темір деректері негізінде зерттеліп, қарастырылады.
Кілт сөздер: Әмір Темір, жалайыр, қазақтар

ИБРАГИМОВА М.Н.
(Преподователь Казахского Национального Университета им. аль-Фараби)
ТОЙШУБЕКОВАЖ.К.
(Преподаватель Казахского Государственного Женского Педагогического Университета, магистр истории)

ИСТОРИЯ ПЛЕМЕНИ ЖАЛАИРОВ В РАБОТАХ АМИРА ТИМУРА
Резюме
В данной статье исследуются материалы о территории и местонахождении племенижалаиров Казахстана на основе работ Амира Тимура
Ключевые слова: Амир Тимур, жалаиры, казахи.