Introduction. Now the little-studied aspect of historiographic science is totalitarianism as a special socio-political phenomenon that played an ominous role in the fate of people of the Soviet era, including deported peoples to the republic, who changed the ethno-demographic situation in Kazakhstan, about the “camp economy” and concentration camps of national importance, where representatives of all the peoples of the USSR flocked.

Materials and methods. The source base of the research is a complex of archival documents and materials. During the preparation of the scientific publication, the documents of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan (TsGA RK) fund No. 1109 of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, fund No. 16 of the archive of the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Accounts of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan (materials of the NKVD, Ministry of Internal Affairs) were used. In the course of the study of the problem, the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and integrity were used. The work used specific historical and problem-chronological research methods, and also usedstatistical and descriptive methods that allow you to consistently reveal the essence of the issues being studied.

Discussion. Usually, the history of eviction and deportation of peoples, which became disagreeable overnight, is associated with the war. However, such an interpretation does not reveal the essence of the problem, as the eviction of people of different classes, social groups and estates, national minorities, and ethnic groups was practiced long before the war.

The official version of the eviction comes down to the fact that representatives of these peoples during the military operations allegedly actively cooperated with the Hitlerite invaders, launched a bandit-insurgency movement in the rear of our troops, and so on [1, p.235].

  A thorough and unbiased analysis of these events provides grounds for disagreeing with such statements. Speaking specifically about Checheno-Ingushetia, the eviction operation was well conspired, and the population was misled. The special decision was made for distraction by the Council of People's Commissars and the Chechen-Ingush regional committee of the CPSU (B.) "On ensuring the preparation of tactical exercises of the military units of the North Caucasus Military District (SKVO) in mountainous conditions". Yes, there were bandoilsin the mountains that operated even before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War with Germany. And with the beginning of the war, they tried to take advantage of the situation for their own benefit.

  There were also contacts between individual groups with the German command, the transfer of weapons to Chechnya and a certain number of German saboteurs. However, the dropped weapons and arriving saboteurs were not enough to seriously shake the Soviet power in Chechnya, especially since the saboteurs were almost neutralized by the NKVD. Only a few of them managed to leave Chechnya and, having crossed the front line, reach their own. During the entire war there was not a single major sabotage at the Grozny factories or transport lines. The only thing that happened was clashes with state security and troops were sent to mountainous regions to search for and destroy the groups of "political bandits" which operated there [1, p.354].

Nevertheless, at 5 am on February 23, 1944, an operation was carried out to completely evict Chechens and Ingushes into Central Asia and Kazakhstan. 19 thousand NKVD operatives, NKGB and Smersh (military counterintelligence), up to 100 thousand officers and soldiers of the NKVD troops were involved in the operation [2, p.349]. Before the eviction, as well as during it, there was the use of combat aircraft for bombing mountainous areas. If in the plains the eviction took place in the shortest time (in general for a day) and without serious resistance and casualties, then in the mountainous regions where snowfalls did not allow people to be sent to the plain from the assembly points, there were cases of massacres. For example, several hundred people were burned in the mountain village of Khaybakh. There are also reports of massacres in the vicinity of the village of Makazhoy and Lake Galanchozh. Non-transportable sick Chechens from the Urus-Martan District Hospital were also killed [2, p.353].

"The official ideology of the deportation of Chechens - a collaboration with the Germans - is an absolute lie," says A. Avtorkhanov. Firstly, during the Second World War, the foot of a German soldier never entered the territory of the Chechen-Ingush republic, except for a short-time occupation by the border guards of the town of Malgobek, inhabited by the Russians. Secondly, it was physically impossible for Chechen-Ingush to join the German formations. in Checheno-Ingushetia, there was not mandatory mobilization for the entire period of its existence, and partial mobilization during the Soviet-Finnish war was abolished already at the time of the start of the German-Soviet war, with the release of all Chechens and Ingush from the Red Army (Order on the Red Command The army from February 1942 motivated this release by the fact that Chechens and Ingush refuse to eat pork on religious grounds) [3, p.79].

And here is what A.Gunashev says on this issue: "Firstly, there was not a single fascist on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR; secondly, the front in the spring of 1944 was far in the West and, thirdly, the overwhelming majority of the male population of Chechens and Ingush was mobilized in the Red Army or worked on the defensive lines of Grozny. Finally, if there was any insignificant group of people sympathizing with fascist Germany, why were all the Chechens punished for their actions - from young to old? [4, p. 45].

  The true motives for the resettlement were, according to A. Avtorkhanov, in the permanent struggle of the Chechens for the national independence ofpeople in the mountainous regions and the fact that they did not recognize the despotic system of the Soviet colonial regime [3, p.66]. Of course, the basis for the decision on mass deportation is deep and not yet fully known to us. Although outwardly the motives for evicting these peoples from their historical lands differed, in fact, they were of the same nature.

  The basis for the deportation of entire nations, undertaken by the Stalinist leadership,were political reasons. So, for example, the official wording of the reason for the deportation of Koreans is "to prevent the penetration of Japanese espionage into the region." Along with this formulation of the reason, a larger cause should be identified. The essence of it is that Soviet Koreans became hostages to the Far Eastern policy of the USSR as a whole. As is known, in July 1937, Japan launched an armed invasion of China, by the end of the month Beijing was occupied. Under the threat of external invasion as early as the spring of 1937, the main political forces of China, the Communist Party and the Kuomintang, reached an agreement to end the civil war and create a united front to repel the Japanese invaders. In support of the belligerents, the polarization of global political forces in that bipolar world was manifested. It was based on ideological confrontation. The Western powers did not take active measures to end this war. In this situation, the Kuomintang government, not without influence of the Chinese Communist Party has moved towards rapprochement with the Soviet Union. On the initiative of the USSR on August 21, 1937, the Soviet-Chinese non-aggression treaty was signed. The conclusion of a non-aggression treaty with one of the belligerents as in this case meansallied relations, i. The USSR and China became virtually allies in the war with Japan.

 The Soviet Union greatly valued these relations, especially since he felt his isolation in the face of the impending World War II. The USSR provided China with economic and military assistance. Thus, on August 21, 1937, two documents were signed: the Soviet-Chinese nonaggression pact and the resolution of the USSR Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.) On the eviction of the Korean population from the border regions of the Far Eastern Territory. These were two sides of the same coin. The deportation of Koreans under the pretext of "curbing the penetration of Japanese espionage" should be regarded as one of the moments of "big politics", as the demonstration by the Soviet Union of the firmness of its allied relations with China, its relations with Japan, its positions in Far Eastern politics [5, p.208].

So the soil was prepared for the deportation of the Koreans, which marked a new round of repressive policy of the totalitarian regime, based on the principle of collective responsibility of the ethnic group for belonging to it

In the pre-war years, as a result of the increasingly intensified ideological confrontation and the search for internal "enemies", there was also a lack of confidence in the national minorities who inhabited the border areas of the USSR with Turkey, Iran, etc. Living in the border regions of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, the peoples fell into the category of "unreliable" as many of them had relatives abroad. It was believed that they were ethnically close to the peoples of neighboring countries, which in isolation from the outside world and the imminent threat of war, caused growing concern on the part of the Soviet state. In the conditions of the aggravation of the international situation and the real danger of war, the national policy of the Soviet state became more and more repressive. The secret negotiations of the USSR with Germany in 1939-1940 and the agreements now known as the "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" led to the fact that the USSR annexed the Baltic countries, Western Ukraine, Western Belorussia, and Bessarabia. Soon the shock campaign began on Sovietization and collectivization of these regions, and the so-called "kulaks", as well as all representatives of these peoples that were disliked by the regime, were evicted from the scheme in the 1920s and 1930s to Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Together with the indigenous inhabitants of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, a significant number of representatives of Polish nationality lived, both local and emigrated here in 1939-1940, as a result of the Nazi invasion of Poland. The Poles became one of the numerous groups that were resettled on the basis of national, not class affiliation

The deportation of the Germans is correlated to the facts of mass sabotage and espionage, which supposedly were to take place at the signal from Germany in the areas inhabited by the Germans of the Volga region. However, the archives did not disclose documents that testify to "reports of military authorities and other signals about the presence of thousands and tens of thousands of saboteurs and spies in the Volga area", prepared by a command from Germany to turn the German population of the ASSR into a "fifth colony" in the rear of the Red Army [6, p.32].

Here it should be noted that the German population was simultaneously evicted from all areas of the European part of the country, which had not yet been occupied by opponents. And the liquidation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Germans of the Volga region was also illegal. However, the observance of such "subtleties" was not inherent in I. Stalin and his entourage. This was especially evident in the following years, when acts of terror were played out against other people’s inhabiting Transcaucasia and other regions of the country. The military operations that unfolded on the vast expanses of the Soviet-German front in the summer of 1942 again proved unsuccessful for the Soviet troops. With large losses, units and formations of the Western, South-Western and Southern fronts retreated eastward, leaving the enemy a vast territory from Kharkov to Stalingrad. By autumn of 1942, the enemy came close to the banks of the Volga and the spurs of the Greater Caucasus Range. Under the occupation of the invaders were partially Checheno-Ingushetia, as well as the territory where Karachais, Balkars, Kalmyks lived.

  After the defeat of the Nazis at Stalingrad and Kursk, the Soviet offensive began, in the course of which a considerable territory, occupied by the enemy, was liberated. In the years 1943-1944. In the liberated territory, along with the restoration work, the tracing of traitors and accomplices of the enemy began. The Hitlerisms, during the retreat, left behind themselves an extensive spy network and subversive groups. During the operation to cleanse the released territory troops and the NKVD seized a large number of machine guns, as well as artillery pieces and mortars. However, the leaders of the NKVD bodies sought in the behavior of not only individuals and groups of the population, but also entire nations, signs of crimes that contributed to the enemy. Thus, a version was born of the culpability of individual peoples who favorably favored the enemy during the occupation of their territory. Thus, under the pretext of ensuring the security of the belligerent country, a far-fetched pretext for their deportation was found.

  Today, the groundlessness of these actions is unquestionable. In general, the population of the abolished autonomous republics was loyal to the Soviet government and there were no such reasons that made it possible to question their loyalty to the Motherland. If there were individuals who served the fascists, this should not have been the basis for accusing and persecuting the whole people. Such persons were on the territory of all the republics and regions occupied during the war by the German army. But legality and legal norms were not taken into account.

At the same time, major actions continued to evict certain nationalities and national circles in the leadership of the country and regions. Undoubtedly, this primarily came from the very I. Stalin and his entourage, who during the deportation of the population from the North Caucasus decided to at the same time clear some regions of the country from the presence of "undesirable elements." We are talking about the Crimea, as well as the regions of Georgia populated by the Turks. In this case, the eviction of the Crimean Tatar population, and at the same time the cleansing of these lands from Bulgarians, Karaits, Greeks, Armenians and other representatives of national minorities made it possible to give the Crimean population a mono-national character. Although outwardly the motives for evicting these peoples from their historical lands differed, in fact they had the same tendencies. So, the Crimean-Tatar population was accused of active sympathy and cooperation with the invaders. Until the collapse of the USSR, this accusation was not lifted from it, and when the previously liquidated autonomous regions and the republics were restored and their peoples were given the right to return to their homeland in 1957, the Crimean Tatars, Turks and Germans were not given such an opportunity. Even after rehabilitation, they did not have the right to freely settle in their native places

In 1956, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formally rehabilitated the Crimean Tatar people by its Decree. However, there was no real rehabilitation, the reference was abolished, but the Crimean Tatars were forbidden to return to the Crimea. Twenty-three years after the deportation in 1967, the Supreme Soviet completely removed the indiscriminate accusation, but this decision of the state was purely declarative. Attempts by certain groups of Crimean Tatars to return to their historical homeland encountered opposition from local authorities. Only on November 14, 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the "Declaration on the Recognition as Illegal and Criminal of Repressive Acts against Peoples Who Have Been Forcefully Resettlement and Ensuring Their Rights", which laid down began a mass return of the Crimean Tatars to the Crimea. And only on April 21, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar and other Crimean peoples affected by repression [7].

 Early in the morning on May 18, 1944, the eviction of the Crimean Tatars began. It took only 60 hours and more than 70 echelons, each of which had 50 cars, to carry out its punitive measures.

 To carry out the action to evict the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs and the People's Commissar of State Security, it was required to involve the local non-Crimean Tatar population widely, and to send 5,000 operatives to the disposal of the relevant Crimean authorities, to allocate 20,000 internal troops for the operation, and to this end send 11 infantry regiments and battalions and a separate sniper company. Preparation for the eviction was very timely and organized, on May 7, the leadership of the eviction in the Crimea asked to allocate 2 thousand trucks. An operative population census was carried out, the headquarters for the operation was deployed in Simferopol, on May 13, a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR came to organize and guide receptions from special settlers of livestock, agricultural products and other property. Two days before the eviction of the Crimean Tatars, about 20,000 people were allocated to help the State Commission [8, p.5].

  The same fate befell the Turks, who inhabited the southern and south-western regions of Georgia. It should be noted that during the Great Patriotic War the territory of Georgia was not at all subjected to occupation by the Germans. Hence, the authorities could not accuse the Soviet Turks of complicity with the Germans. Nevertheless, they were evicted according to the established scheme.

  As is known, on December 9, 1948, the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide was ratified by all UN members. According to it, the category of genocide includes actions that directly or indirectly create for a group of people such conditions that are designed to completely or partially destroy it. The basis of genocide is the principle of collective responsibility of a certain community, the basis of which, in turn, is the common origin of its members. Repression, thus, spread not only to people who are personally guilty of something, but also to persons belonging to the same group [5, p.48].

The Kazakh historian academician M.K. Kozybayev asserts that from the end of the 1930s Kazakhstan began to turn into a "Stalin prison of nations" [9, p.238]. Indeed, every fifth inhabitant of Kazakhstan was a special settler, expelled both on social and political grounds. Forcible resettlement was conducted under the guidance of the NKVD.

 In archival documents, the word "deportation" is not available at all. Along with "resettlement", "labour settlement", "special resettlement", the word "operation" is used most often, accurately reflecting the meaning of the events that occurred as a chain of successive operations.

According to the historian A. Nekrich, the general leadership of the deportation of all peoples was carried out by the member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.), A member of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the USSR, LP Beria. The operation was carried out by the NKVD troops. A. Nekrich concluded that the deportation of peoples during the Great Patriotic War was considered by the state as a preventive measure (the Germans of the Volga region, Kurds, Turks, Greeks) as a punitive measure (Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachi’s, Crimean Tatars) and as a military measure -strategic nature, aimed at creating a more "reliable" layer of the border population [10, p.10]. Indeed, violent methods of deporting peoples cannot be justified by any military or other considerations. The main accusation against the deported peoples was "total cooperation with the enemy." But such an assertion was absurd, since the overwhelming majority of the male population of these peoples was mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army. Thus, according to archival data of the NKVD of the USSR, as a result of the three mobilizations carried out in the Chechen-Ingush Republic, 17413 people left for the front. On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War there were more than 20,000 Kalmyks - soldiers and officers. In total 91919 Kalmyks were deported [11, p.77] Based on the analysis of archival materials, it can be concluded that the preparation by Soviet authorities for the admission and placement of special settlers into the territory of Kazakhstan was begun in advance.

The policy of the state and the party was aimed at the decision to send special settlers to the countryside. Hence it can be assumed that in this way an attempt was made to fill the shortage of rural labor resources. In addition, there is a version based on the fact that during the first months of the war a significant number of industrial enterprises of defensive importance were evacuated from Central Russia to Kyrgyzstan and Northern Kazakhstan. They needed cheap hands for them. Special resettles were intended for this purpose. Indirectly, this hypothesis is confirmed by the reality that special settlers took part in the construction of such giant objects as the Chui Canal, a lot of them were engaged in loggingand they worked in mines and defense enterprises [12, l.30-32]. So, the reasons for the deportation of peoples today cannot withstand any criticism. They can also be explained by political motives and the need to strengthen the so-called camp economy. The topic of the camp economy was one of taboo problems. For many decades the history of the creation and activities of the Labor Army, the concrete contribution of its participants to the increase in the military power of the USSR remained impersonal. This topic was considered only in the general context of the history of the rear and labor exploits of the people in the name of Victory, dissolving in the general concept of the "labor front." Consciously eroded and indulged in oblivion: who, when and under what legal status was involved in the labor army, as well as the scale and results of the work of the army. And with the passage of time, the concept of the "Labor Army" completely disappeared from everyday life, since it was believed that all the population worked heroically during the war from small to large

The secret of such craftiness is simply explained: in addition to the officially assigned contingent to work in the military industry, the Labour Army consisted mainly of representatives who were not subject to sending to the front of nationalities and the so-called class alien elements, also not subject to conscription to the army in force moral and political considerations; first of all special settlers, exiled settlers, dispossessed and confiscated kulaks and bays in the 1930s, members of their families, as well as participants in peasant unrest and uprisings of the 1930s, etc. (in official documents of the pre-war and military years and is: representatives of peoples who are not subject to conscription, as well as persons who are not subject to conscription on moral and political grounds) [13, p.315].

 It was not profitable for a totalitarian regime to objectively evaluate the work of individuals whom it at that time placed outside society. As a consequence, those who, according to their moral and political qualities, fully corresponded to the criteria of Stalin's laws were left, and the Labor Army was mobilized quite legally.

It cannot be denied that any state in the state of war, which lost a significant part of the territory, material and technical and economic resources during the fighting, must mobilize all forces, including the people, in order to organize the work of the rear; to establish all the structures of the military economy for the successful conduct of the war. Logically, this was aimed at laws and wartime regulations, in accordance with which all able-bodied and fit for military service were subject to mobilization to the front and to perform labor service. However, the history of World War II does not know analogs when a country that fought against the aggressor would simultaneously put millions of its citizens in the position of outcasts and thus attract them to forced labor camp.

 From the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the industrialization of industry began and the collectivization of agriculture intensified in the country, forced labor again acquired a large scale. Here it should be noted that at the same time, the punitive policy was gaining momentum in the country. Already in the 30s, Kazakhstan turned into a kind of reservation. The total number of special settlers from the interior regions of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and other republics in 1936 reached about 360 thousand people [13, p.317].

 Large-scale industrial construction, development of natural resources and new deposits required an increase in cheap labor. With the intensification of punitive policy, the network of forced labor camps in the North, the Urals, the Far East, Siberia, Central Asia and other regions of the USSR expanded. This is how the established system of forced labor developed, the camp economy was formed. Eviction took place on trumped-up charges of betraying the Motherland. Thus, mass evictions were an indicator of the legal insecurity of people, the arbitrariness of the administrative-command system and the personality cult of Stalin. The grossest violations of national policy were expressed in the forced resettlement of entire peoples, in the abolition of a number of national-state autonomous entities (the Kalmyk, the Crimean Autonomous Republics, theKarachay-Cherkessia Autonomous Region).

On November 14, 1989, the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the recognition of illegal and criminal repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced resettlement and ensuring their rights was adopted. On 26 April 1991, the RSFSR Law on the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples was adopted. All repressed peoples of the RSFSR have been rehabilitated by the law, and repressive acts against these peoples have been deemed illegal and criminal.

Conclusion.The repressed people are recognized, on the basis of national or otherbelonging, a policy of slander and genocide was carried out at the state level, accompanied by their forced resettlement, the abolition of national-state formations, the re-alignment of national-territorial boundaries, and the establishment of a regime of terror and violence in special settlements. Rehabilitation of repressed people means recognition and exercise of their right to restore territorial integrity. The law regulates the procedure for compensation of damage to rehabilitatedpeoples and the procedure for calculating the length of service for citizens subjected to repression.

 Thus, it was recognized that with respect to repressed peoples at the state level, a "policy of arbitrariness and lawlessness, genocide and slander" was applied.

References

1.  Belaya kniga (From the History of the Eviction of the Ingush Chechens of 1944-1957). Grozny: Alma-Ata, 1991. -235 p.

2. Sigauri I.M. Essays on the history and state structure of Chechens from ancient times. Moscow: Publishing House "Russian Life", 1997. -355 p.

3. Uralov A. (Authorkhanov A.). Assassination is the murder of the Chechen-Ingush people. M., 1991. -79 p.

4. Gunashev A. Ichkeria: revenge of history. Almaty, 2001.- 45 p.

5.Kan G.V. History of Koreans of Kazakhstan. Almaty:Gylym, 1995. 208 p.

6. Kichikhin A.N. Soviet Germans: where, where and why? // Military-Political Journal (VIZh), Moscow, 1990. No.8.  -P.32.

7. http://itar-tass.com/godovschina-olimpiady

8. Ilyasov R. Crimean Tatars. A brief overview of the past and an analysis of the socioeconomic situation of the present. News bulletin. Issue 5. Altyn Besik. 1997.-p.5.

9. Kozybaev M.K. The Germans of Soviet Kazakhstan: facts and reality // History of Kazakhstan: white spots. Alma-Ata, 1991. -238 p.

10. Nekrich A. Punished peoples / / Neva. 1993. № 10.

11. So it was. National repression in the USSR in 1919-1952. T.2. Moscow, 1993. -77 p.

12. TSGA RK, F.1137, Op.12, D.336, - L.30-32.

13. People deported to Kazakhstan: time and fate. Almaty, "Arys"- "Kazakhstan". 1998. -428 p.

  Список использованной литературы:

1. Белая книга (Из истории выселения чеченцев-ингушей 1944-1957 гг.). Грозный – Алма-Ата, 1991. - 235 с.

2.Сигаури И.М. Очерки истории и государственного устройства чеченцев с древнейших времен. Москва, Издательский дом  «Русская жизнь». 1997. – 355 с.

3. Уралов А. (Авторханов А.). Народоубийство – убийство чечено-ингушского народа. М., 1991. - 79 с.

4. Гунашев А. Ичкерия: месть истории. Алматы, 2001. - 45 с.

5.Кан Г.В. История корейцев Казахстана. Алматы, Гылым, 1995. - 208 с.

6. Кичихин А.Н. Советские немцы: откуда, куда и почему? // Военно-политический журнал (ВИЖ), М.,1990, № 8. - С.32.

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8. Ильясов Р. Крымские татары. Краткий обзор прошлого и анализ социально-экономического положения настоящего. Информационный бюллетень. Вып.5. Алтын Бесик. 1997,  -С.5.

9.Козыбаев М.К. Немцы Советского Казахстана: факты и действительность // История Казахстан: белые пятна. Алма-Ата, 1991, - 238 с.

10. Некрич А. Наказанные народы // Нева. 1993. № 10.

11.Так это было. Национальные репрессии в СССР 1919-1952 гг. Т.2- Москва, 1993. - 77 с.

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М.Ч. ҚАЛЫБЕКОВА

ҚР БҒМ ҒК Ш.Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институтының БҒК, т.ғ.к.

ХХ Ғ. 30-40 ЖЫЛДАРЫНДАҒЫ КСРО-НЫҢ ҚҰҒЫН СҮРГІН САЯСАТЫНЫҢ БІР ТҮРІ - ҚАЗАҚСТАНҒА КҮШТЕП ҚОНЫСТАНДЫРУ

Аннотация. Тоталитарлық режім Қазақстанды КСРО-ның әртүрлі өңірлерінен жүздеген мың адам жер аударылған алып резервацияға айналдырды. Сондықтан халықтардың жер аударылу тарихын жеке алып та, сондай-ақ кешенді түрде де зерттеу өзекті болып табылады. Сонымен қатар бұл тақырыпты зерттеу нәтижелері бүкіл республикамыздағы тарихи үдерістердің жалпы бейнесін, сондай-ақ жер аударылған халықтардың қоғамдық-саяси, экономикалық және мәдени өмірінің тарихын нақтылауға мүмкіндік береді. Бұл проблеманы объективті зерттеу қазақстандық қоғамды шоғырландыру мен жалпыұлттық бірлік негізін нығайтуға жәрдемдеседі деп санаймыз. Қазақстан Республикасы – қазіргі кезде бүкіл әлеуметтік-экономикалық құрылымын реформалаудың шешуші кезеңін бастан өткізіп отырған көпұлтты және көпконфессиялы мемлекет. Сондықтан этносаралық келісімді сақтау, қоғамда өзара түсіністік ахуалын қалыптастыру – тұрақтылық пен саяси тұрлаулылықтың маңызды құрамдас бөлігі болып табылады.

Сонымен қатар жаппай жер аудару сталинизмнің ажырамас бөлігі болды. Сталиндік диктатураны нығайту мүддесінде мемлекеттік террордың қаруы негізінде, тұтас өңірлердің әлеуметтік, демографиялық, этникалық келбетін өзгертті, мәжбүрлі еңбек жүйесін құрудағы буындардың біріне айналды.

Сталиндік мәжбүрлі көші-қонға ілескен демографиялық, әлеуметтік, этникалық, экономикалық процестер ұзартылған әрекет құбылыстары орын алды. Олардың генезисін, мәнін, тарихи салдарын талдау қазіргі заманғы ғылыми қоғамдастықпен маңызды теориялық міндеттердің бірі ретінде қарастыра отырып, автор оны шешу жолында кеңес кезеңіндегі отандық тарихтың терең даму факторларын түсіндіруге тырысады.

Түйін сөздер: депортация, сталинизм, геноцид, реабилитация, еңбек армиясы, демографиялық үдерістр, көпұлтты мемлекет 

М.Ч. КАЛЫБЕКОВА 

ВНС Института истории и этнологии им. Ч.Ч. Валиханова, к.и.н.

г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан

ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНИЕ НАРОДОВ В КАЗАХСТАН КАК ФОРМА РЕПРЕССИВНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СССР 

(1937-1945)

Резюме

     В исторической литературе последних десятилетий исследованию истории депортации в СССР посвящено немало исследований. Изучение массовых репрессий в настоящее время окончательно перешло из разряда популярных тем в разряд научных фундаментальных исследований. Однако существует рад вопросов, которые не нашли отражения в научной литературе по причине недоступности архивных материалов, первичных документов, на основании которых предпринималось выселение. Одним из таких вопросов является вопрос изучения  принудительного переселения народов в Казахстан как форму репрессивной политики СССР в 30-40-х годов ХХ века. 

  Массовые депортации были неотъемлемой частью сталинизма. Они выступали орудием государственного террора в интересах укрепления сталинской диктатуры, меняли социальный, демографический, этнический облик целых регионов, выступали одним из звеньев в создании системы принудительного труда.

Таким образом, демографические, социальные, этнические, экономические процессы, сопровождавшие сталинские принудительные миграции, были явлениями пролонгированного действия. Анализ их генезиса, сущности, исторических последствий рассматривается современным научным сообществом в качестве одной из важных теоретических задач, решение которой помогает приблизиться к пониманию глубинных факторов развития отечественной истории в советский период.

Ключевые слова: депортация, сталинизм, геноцид, реабилитация, трудовая армия, демографические процессы, многонациональное государство